Description And Description Of A Computer - 2309 Words

Name Picture Use Communicating Motherboard All of the main components in a computer connect to the motherboard the board allows all the things on it to computer to communicate. This board contains the Northbridge and the Southbridge. The Northbridge controls the main communications on the board between the ram, CPU and PCI-e. The Southbridge communicates with PCI, SATA and things like USB and audio. CPU The central processing unit does all the calculations to process the data that is requested by the operating system. The CPU connects through a socket in the motherboard and communicates with the Northbridge which communicates with the ram and the rest of the computer to produce the data for the CPU. Cache The cache is inside the CPU. Where the CPU uses it as very high speed storage where data is stored as it is processed this data is then offloaded into the ram. The cache only communicates with the CPU as this is what gives it all its data and tells it what to store. 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Why Cheating Is Becoming More Prevalent Of Today s...

Sitting in class as a freshman in high school, Jonny looks around during his test as the teacher stepped out of the room. He hears the loud whispering voices of his peers discussing the unknown answers. Thinking to himself he contemplates asking his friends for answers. He assumes it is acceptable because everyone around him is doing it, so he decided to take part in the discussion. When the teacher returns everyone is silent. No one was caught and no one is going to get into trouble. The scheme was successful. Students are now finding ways to make cheating acceptable. Generally students only want to get their work done rather than truly learn the material. Causes of cheating is becoming more prevalent in today’s education system because it is becoming easier to get around the rules, there are many pressures, and students do not always get punished as they should. To excel in a subject, students will do whatever it takes. 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Material Balances for Carbon Free Essays

Many of the earth’s natural processes are cyclic. The circulation of water between oceans, atmosphere and continents is a familiar example. Another is the transformation and movement of carbon-containing compounds for which the immediately obvious elements are the photosynthetic generation by plants of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and the consumption of carbohydrates by herbivores who regenerate carbon dioxide through respiration. We will write a custom essay sample on Material Balances for Carbon or any similar topic only for you Order Now (As we shall see shortly, the complete carbon cycle involves a number of additional processes.) Such cycles are termed â€Å"biogeochemical cycles. † The term is most commonly used to refer to global cycles of the â€Å"life elements† C, O, N, S, and P, but its use is extended as well to regional cycles and to other elements or components. The study of biogeochemical cycles then is the study of the transformation and transport of substances in the Earth’s systems. In most cases the cycles link biotic (living) subsystems to abiotic (non-living) ones. Of particular current interest is the effect of human-caused disturbances on the natural cycles. A major disturbance in the carbon cycle, for example, is the continuous injection of carbon (mainly as carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. How much of this injected carbon ends up in the atmosphere? How much in the oceans? . . . in the land vegetation? What effect does the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have on the global climate? Insights to the answers to these and related questions can be gained through the use of mathematical models constructed by applying material and energy balance principles. Here the carbon cycle serves as an illustrative example, though much of the discussion is couched in terms that apply generally. The objective is to develop a simple mathematical model that will demonstrate the use of material and energy balances for studying the Earth’s natural processes. A schematic representation The transport of substances in biogeochemical systems is commonly depicted graphically by means of flowsheets or flowcharts, which are composed of boxes (or compartments, or reservoirs) connected by arrow-directed lines. As such, the depiction resembles the flowsheet for a chemical plant or process where boxes represent various 1  units (reactors, heat exchangers, etc. ) and the lines represent material flows. Indeed the analogy extends to methods of analysis, as we shall see in later sections, based on material and/or energy balances. Flowcharts for biogeochemical systems differ from those generally used for chemical processes in that a single chart for the former usually is used to track the flow of just one substance (ordinarily an element such as carbon) — but it need not be so. The number of boxes in a schematic representation is indicative of the level of detail to which an analysis will be subjected or for which information (data) is available. The least detailed for global carbon, for example, consists of only three compartments — for land, oceans and atmosphere — of the type shown in Figure 1. Commonly in such representations, the amounts, or inventory, of the substance of interest (represented by M’s in Figure 1) in each compartment have units of mass or moles. The exchange rates or flows (usually termed â€Å"fluxes† in the ecosystem literature, represented by F’s in Figure 1) have units of mass or moles per unit of time. Figure 1. Three-compartment representation of a biogeochemical cycle. M’s  represent the inventory (mass or moles), and F’s are flows or fluxes (mass or moles per unit time). atmosphere, Ma Foa Fao oceans, Mo Fta Fat land, Mt (terrestrial system) A quantitative description would give numerical values of the inventories and fluxes — or better yet, would give expressions for the F’s in terms of the M’s. Figure 2 presents a similar flowchart with a slightly higher level of detail. This representation recognizes that there may be a significant difference between concentrations near the ocean surface and those in the deeper ocean layers. We will use this representation later for studying a model of the carbon cycle. 2 atmosphere, Ma Fsa Figure 2. Four-compartment representation of a biogeochemical cycle. Fas surface ocean layer, Ms Fds Fta Fat land, Mt (terrestrial system) Fsd deep ocean layers, Md A further level of detail might add boxes to represent land and ocean biota, but we will not add that complexity for our purposes here. Mathematical models Mathematical models of biogeochemical cycles can take on various forms depending on the level of detail sought or necessary and/or on the type of supporting or verifying information or data available. In general, models attempt to relate the rates of transport, transformation and input of substances to their masses and changes by way of equations based on material and/or energy conservation principles. The description in the preceding section suggests so-called â€Å"lumped† models; that is, models in which the spatial position is not a continuous variable. Indeed it may not even appear in the model equations. It is, in fact, considered to be piecewise constant. Thus the vertical position in the ocean was separated into two parts, surface layer and deep layers. For such lumped models, the mathematical description is in the form of ordinary differential equations for the unsteady states and of algebraic or transcendental equations for the steady state. So-called â€Å"distributed† models, which consider the spatial position to be a continuous variable, lead to partial differential equations for the unsteady and ordinary differential equations for the steady state. By far the most common models employed for biogeochemical cycles are of the lumped variety, and the remainder of this module will be devoted to them. One should think of lumped models as representing overall (perhaps 3 global) averages. With sufficient detail (large number of boxes) they may be useful for accurate quantitative purposes; with little detail, they may be used to obtain rough estimates, to study qualitative trends, and to gain insights into the effects of changes. Lumped models are sometimes referred to as â€Å"black box† models — so called because they consider only the inputs and outputs of the boxes and their interior masses. They do not explore the interior details of the boxes — such as the predator-prey interactions that influence the population dynamics within the biota, or the complex ocean chemistry that affects the air-ocean exchange of material. In the same way, most flowsheet representations and calculations for chemical plants treat process units as black boxes. Material and energy balances relate known and unknown stream quantities. The detail within a box, such as the tray-to-tray compositions and temperatures of a distillation column are not directly involved in the usual flowsheet calculation, but obviously are involved in determining the output streams, or in relating them to other streams, at a finer level of detail Calculations for a model of the carbon cycle Here we will use a schematic diagram similar to that in Figure 2 to construct a mathematical model for the carbon cycle. Our purpose is to estimate the effect of fossil fuel burning on the level of carbon in the atmosphere — important information for the assessment of the greenhouse effect. Figure 2 is reconstructed below to include the input of carbon from fossil fuels. atmosphere, Ma Fsa Figure 3. A simplified representation of the carbon cycle, including an input from fossil fuel burning. Fas surface ocean layer, Ms Fds Fat land, Mt (terrestrial system) Fsd deep ocean layers, Md  4 Fta Ff fossil fuels The following equations relate the flow rates (fluxes) in the diagram to the masses of carbon in the boxes in the form employed in references [1] and [2]. The numerical values of the coefficients were derived from data presented in those references. Ffa is an input disturbance, yet to be specified. In these equations, the masses (the M’s) are in units of petagrams, and the fluxes (the F’s) are in units of petagrams per year. (One petagram is 15 10 grams. ) Fas = (0. 143) Ma (1) Fsa = (10 ( 2) ?25 )M 9. 0 s Fat = (16. 2) Ma0. 2 (3) Fta = (0. 0200 ) Mt ( 4)  Fds = (0. 00129) Md (5) Fsd = ( 0. 450) Ms ( 6) Notice that Equations 2 and 3 are nonlinear relationships between fluxes and masses. To appreciate the reason for this, say in Equation 2, bear in mind that the fluxes and masses are measures of the element C, which actually exists in various compound forms, with equilibrium likely established among them, in the ocean waters. Yet it is only carbon dioxide that enters the atmosphere from the ocean layers in any appreciable quantity. Therefore, the relationship between carbon dioxide and the total carbon in the ocean layers is complicated. The nonlinear relationship in Equation 3 is explained by the fact that this rate of transfer, nearly all in the form of carbon dioxide, is governed mainly by the rate of photosynthesis by plants — a rate usually not limited by carbon dioxide supply from the air but rather by the photochemical and biochemical reactions at play. Material balances Material balances on carbon (i. e. , atomic balances) may be written for each of the boxes in Figure 3. As an example, with the information in Equations 1-6 incorporated, the unsteady balance on the â€Å"atmosphere† box is given by 5 dMa 0. 2  = (10 ?25 ) Ms9. 0 + (0. 0200) Mt ? (0. 143) Ma ? (16. 2 ) Ma + Ff dt ( 7) Similar balances must be added for the other three compartments, and initial values for the four M’s must be given to complete the mathematical model. The input from fossil fuel consumption, the disturbance function Ff, may be a constant or a function of time. Its current value is about 5 petagrams of carbon per year. Over some periods of time its value increased at the rate of about 4% per year. Inasmuch as the Earth’s total reservoir of fossil fuels is estimated to be 10,000 petagrams, of which only half may be  recoverable for use, the current use rate, much less any significant increase, is not sustainable indefinitely. However, in the much shorter run, the concern is not about the availability of fossil fuels, but about how their use may be affecting the global climate. Steady states . The steady-state model is derived simply by setting the time derivatives in the transient equations to zero. Further, we can deduce from physical considerations that no steady state is possible unless Ff is zero. (Notice that the steadystate equations are nonlinear in the M’s owing to the exponents on Ms and Ma. Consequently, a numerical search procedure must be used to obtain solutions to Problem 1 below. ) Problem 1 Incorporating the information in Equations 1-6, write the steady-state carbon balance for each of the four â€Å"boxes† in Figure 3, taking Ff to be zero. Can you solve these equations for the numerical values of the four M’s? (Note that the equations are not linearly independent; one is redundant. ) (a) Take the total M (i. e. , the sum of the four M’s) to be 39,700 petagrams (the actual current estimate of the total carbon in the four compartments) and solve for the M’s. Note that your solution would be the ultimate steady-state distribution of carbon if the usage of fossil fuels were discontinued now — that is if Ff were immediately decreased from 5 petagrams per year to zero. (b) Instead of assuming an immediate reduction in Ff to zero, suppose that the usage of fossil fuels is reduced gradually in such manner that the carbon entering the atmosphere from this source decreases linearly with 6 time from 5 petagrams per year to zero over the next 100 years. Calculate the total amount (in petagrams) of carbon released by fossil fuel use over that 100-year period, and determine the new set of M’s at steady state. What fraction of the added carbon will ultimately (steadily) reside in the atmosphere? Unsteady (Transient) States. While information about steady states is of interest and importance, the more relevant questions can only be answered by examining the transient or unsteady state. How long does it take to approach a steady state? What levels of carbon are reached in the atmosphere along the way to an eventual steady state? What is the effect of increasing or decreasing the rate of consumption of fossil fuels? Consider the first question. According to the numerical values given above for fluxes and reservoir levels of carbon, the effective time constants for the reservoirs vary from a few years for the atmosphere to hundreds or thousands of years for the deep ocean layers. Therefore, a large input into the atmosphere may eventually decay to only a modest permanent (steady-state) increase owing to the fact that the large capacity of the oceans will eventually absorb most of it — but the effects on the atmosphere may be felt for a century or more. The point was made above that the steady-state equations, being nonlinear, cannot be solved analytically. The same is true for the unsteady state. Therefore, the following problem requires a numerical procedure for solving the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Problem 2 . Equation 7 gives the material balance for carbon in the atmosphere. Complete the mathematical description of the unsteady state by writing similar balances on the remaining three compartments shown in Figure 3. Take the initial (current) levels of carbon in the four reservoirs to be 700, 3000, 1000, 35000 for the atmosphere, terrestrial, surface ocean, and deep ocean reservoirs, respectively — all in petagrams. (a) Assuming that the carbon input from fossil fuel use remains constant at its present level of 5 petagrams per year, generate a numerical solution giving the amount of carbon in each reservoir versus time over a 100-year period. (Show your results in graphical form. ) (b) As in part (b) of Problem 1, let Ff decrease linearly with time from 5 petagrams per year to zero over 100 years. Again generate solutions and present curves showing the 7 reservoir levels of carbon versus time up to 100 years. What fraction of the total carbon entering the atmosphere from fossil fuel use is present in the atmosphere at the end of the 100-year period? Compare that fraction to your answer for part (b) of Problem 1. Comments? A Glance at the Global Warming Problem You might ask why should we be concerned about changes in atmospheric carbon levels. After all, the levels are very low. Further, we should expect some natural level of CO2 in the atmosphere owing simply to that generated by the respiration of plants and animals. In fact, that natural level is estimated to be about 280 ppmv — a pre-industrial level that probably existed steadily for centuries before the industrial revolution. The answer to such questions is not simple, but the major concern nowadays is the possible upsetting of the Earth’s energy balance leading to an increase in the average global temperature. We will not attempt an exhaustive treatment of this subject here, but since it connects directly to the preceding discussion of the carbon cycle, it warrants a quick glance at least. The following equation gives the simplest form of the Earth’s energy balance. S(1 ? f ) r = 2 4 2 T (4 r ) (8) where S is the solar constant — i. e. , the amount of incident solar radiation per unit projected area of the Earth, f is the albedo or reflectivity of the Earth, r is the Earth’s radius ? is the effective emissivity of the Earth for infrared radiation to outer space, ? is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant T is the absolute temperature — indicative of the global average temperature. The radius, r, cancels from Equation 8. The following list gives values for the other quantities in Equation 8. 2 S = 1367 watts/m f = 0. 31 ? = 0. 615 -8 2 4 ? = 5.5597 x 10 watts/(m oK ) 8 Equation 8 is a steady-state balance equating the solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface (on the left side) to the energy lost by infrared radiation to outer space (on the right side). Atmospheric gases affect the reflectivity, f, and the effective emissivity, ?. In particular, so-called greenhouse gases decrease ? by absorbing, or â€Å"trapping†, some of the infrared radiation, thereby reducing the amount of energy that can escape from the Earth. If all other factors are constant, a lower value of ? will result in a higher value of T from Equation 8. Other factors come into the picture, however, and lead to uncertainty about the extent of global warming that may occur due to increases in CO2 and other greenhouse gases. For example, an increase in the average temperature would probably lead to an increase in aerosols and cloudiness, which will act to increase f and offset the effect of a decrease in ?. We probably error on the pessimistic side (i. e. , predicting a temperature change that is too large) if we assume, as we shall here, that an increasing CO2 level works only to decrease ?. The following equation gives a reasonable estimate for that variation. = 0. 642- (8.  45 x 10-5) pco 2 (9) where pCO2 is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in parts per million by volume (ppmv). Problem 3 For this problem you will need to calculate the concentration of CO2 in ppmv from the total mass of atmospheric carbon. For that calculation, take 18 the total mass of the atmosphere to be 5. 25 x 10 kg. In all cases use the initial values for the M’s given in Problem 2. (a) Using your result from Problem 1(b) along with Equations 8 and 9, calculate the predicted eventual increase in the global temperature attributable to the carbon added to the atmosphere over a 100-year period. (b) Repeat Problems 2(a) and 2(b), this time including a graph of the global temperature change versus years as predicted from Equations 8 and 9. Comment about the resulting temperature following from Problem 2(b) vis-a`-vis that following from Problem 1(b). 9 Problem solutions Solutions to the three problems presented in these notes are available to course instructors as Mathcad (Macintosh) files or as copies of those files in pdf format. Copies may be obtained by e-mail request to schmitz. 1@nd. edu. How to cite Material Balances for Carbon, Papers

Chandas Secret Essay free essay sample

You may also bring a print dictionary. Write the rough draft of your essay in class. Double space your work so you have room for editing and revision. (Don’t waste time copying your quotations onto this draft; simply indicate where you plan to put quotation â€Å"A†, quotation â€Å"B† etc. ) Hand it in at the end of class. Day 3 – Edit and Complete the Final Draft Your draft will be returned to you for editing and revising. 1. Revise your rough draft to ensure that you have: ? a strong thesis ? a clear organizational plan (point, proof, analysis) transition words ? insightful arguments ? smoothly embedded quotations ? effective use of language ? correct spelling, grammar and punctuation. 2. Write a final copy, including accurately transcribed quotations and using proper MLA format. Double space your work. Proofread and make any final revisions. Do not rewrite. 3. Highlight your thesis statement and the topic sentences of each of your body paragraphs. We will write a custom essay sample on Chandas Secret Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. Prepare a Works Cited page for your essay. 5. Give your essay a creative title 6. Hand in your essay, along with your single sheet of notes, first draft, and rubric. See the back of the sheet for topics†¦ VERBAL INSTRUCTIONS ACCOMPANY THIS DOCUMENT Topics – Choose ONE 1. A hero is a person of distinguished courage or ability, admired for his/her brave deeds and noble qualities. Choose one of the main characters from the novel and show why that character might be considered a hero. Support your answer with proof, in the form of examples and quotes, from Chandas Secrets. 2. Through the novel, Chanda matures and attempts to deal with the intolerance and prejudice in Bonang, Africa. Show how she is shaped by both positive and negative influences of people in her life, particularly, her mother Lilian, Mrs. Tafa, and Esther. 3. Trace the development of one of the main characters through the course of the novel. Show what he/she is like when we first meet him/her, as well what he/she is like at later points through the story, and finally what he/she has learned by the end of the book. Look for evidence of his/her growing understanding about the world. Helpful essay hints: †¢ Write in the present tense and avoid abbreviations and contractions. †¢ Avoid â€Å"I†, â€Å"we†, â€Å"you†, and informal expressions †¢ Start with an engaging hook. †¢ Ensure that each of your body paragraphs include a topic sentence, point, proof, analysis x 2 or 3, and a concluding sentence. †¢ Use transition words to enhance coherence. †¢ Use proper MLA citation format. †¢ Provide a thoughtful conclusion that leaves the reader with something to think about.

Peter Paul Rubens free essay sample

The most sought-after painter in northern Europe during the seventeenth century, Peter Paul Rubens, was also a diplomat, linguist, and scholar. His dramatic artistic style of the seventeenth century is now called baroque, a term apparently derived at a later time from ornate jewelry set with irregular pearls. At its most exuberant, the baroque involves restless motion, startling color contrasts, and vivid clashes of light and shadow. Rubens was born in Siegen, Westphalia, to Jan Rubens and Maria Pypelincks. Born the son of a lawyer and educated at a Jesuit school in Antwerp, Flanders, Rubens learned classical and modern languages. He spent the years 1600 to 1608 studying and working in Italy. Returning to Antwerp, he continued to travel as both courtier and painter. His repeated visits to Madrid, Paris, and London allowed him to negotiate treaties while accepting royal commissions for art. One of Rubens major innovations in procedure, which many later artists have followed, was his use of small oil studies as compositional sketches for his large pictures and tapestry designs. We will write a custom essay sample on Peter Paul Rubens or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rather than merely drawing, Rubens painted his modelli, or models, thereby establishing the color and lighting schemes and the distributions of shapes simultaneously. Rubens managed a very large studio in Antwerp, training many apprentices and employing independent colleagues to help execute specific projects. Among his mature collaborators whose baroque works are on view in the National Gallery of Art are Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, Jan Brueghel, and Frans Snyders. Rubens style tremendously influenced baroque painters throughout Europe, even those such as the German-born Johann Liss who had no documented contact with the master. Liss The Satyr and the Peasant, for instance, is Rubensian in its lively gestures and telling expressions. Painted during the 1620s in Italy, it illustrates a tale from Aesops Fables in which an immortal satyr helped a peasant find his way through a winter storm. The goat-legged creature was astonished when the man put his chilled hands to his mouth to warm them. In thanks for the satyrs guidance, the peasant invited him home to eat. The satyr was further perplexed when the man blew on his spoon to cool the hot soup. The satyr jumped up in disgust at human hypocrisy, proclaiming, I will have nothing to do with someone who blows hot and cold with the same breath! The Fall of Man Rubens copied many of Titians paintings. Part of Rubens greatness was due to his eager study of earlier masters and his ability to combine their techniques with his own style. The Fall of Man is an interesting example of a work after Titian, that is very close to the original but in which Rubens has changed some details. The red parrot in the tree is not in Titians painting. The colors in Rubens painting are more yellowish and Rubens has actually improved Titians painting by giving Adam a more natural pose. In fact, Adam looks a lot like Rubens himself. When Rubens made this painting, he had just met his second wife-to-be, Helene Fourment. She was only 15 years old at the time. Adoration of the Magi Religious paintings were fashionable during the time of Peter Paul Rubens and were nearly always reverential. Adoration of the Magi is a good example of how Jesus was expected to be venerated in art. A painting of 99 inches by 133 inches, Adoration of the Magi is an oil on canvas painting that features a group of figures, who are waiting in turn to pay homage to the newly born Jesus. It is painting that was created by Rubens in 1616 and 1617. The Power of Christ The Virgin Mary is depicted holding up Jesus as an elderly magus kisses the babys feet. Rubens clearly shows that Jesus is no normal child, as quite apart from the large group of people who have come to see Christ, the infant Jesus is seen touching the head of the elderly magus as a sign of acknowledgment of the old mans devotion. Rubens also adds power to the image and of Jesus himself, with the ethnic mix of the visitors. This suggests that the men have traveled from many different parts of the world to witness seeing the baby Jesus and are not all, in fact, magi. The age of the men and the way they are dressed indicates men of power, and, consequently, their humble adoration of Christ gives the work an added weight. Though the expression of the figures in the painting are almost universally serious, there is one man who appears to be smiling and acts in a way many adults would normally act on seeing a baby. The Virgin Mary, however, looks very serious, almost severe, but she is concentrating on Jesus not coming to any harm, as he is standing upright to receive the line of visitors. The Propaganda Element As with most religious paintings of the early 17th Century there could be said to be an element of propaganda in Adoration of the Magi, as it is really showing the power of the Church. It is painting that is saying that however powerful leaders may be, the Church is more powerful than any earthly empire. The fact that there is little light in the painting gives it an air of mystery, as one wonders if some figures are deliberately hidden. Some of the visitors to the stable are also partly hidden by other visitors. The horse to the left of the painting infers that animals are also part of the kingdom of God. Adoration of the Magi currently hangs in the Musee des Beaux-Arts, Lyon, France. VENUS IN FRONT OF THE MIRROR Peter Paul Rubens presented his Venus in Front of the Mirror as the ultimate symbol of beauty. She is aware of the viewer in a mirror that frames her face like a portrait. Great play is made of the sensual reproduction of her skin and silky hair, which is further enlivened by the contrast with the dark-skinned maidservant. The few costly accessories, otherwise decorative additions to elaborate clothing, emphasize the figure’s nakedness. The sensual qualities of the painting are created by Rubens’s subtle painterly approach. He alternates sketchy brushstrokes, drawn over the ground like a transparent veil, with compact areas, painted in great detail. One particularly attractive feature of the picture is the contrast between the goddess’s encounter with the viewer, which seems to occur almost by chance, and the representation of her beauty, as if conceived for a spectator. The mirror that Cupid holds up for the goddess reveals an additional level of meaning: the reflection of Venus, which reveals her beauty to the viewer, becomes a symbol of painting that competes with nature to produce an image that is as real as possible.

Explanations of Schizophrenia Essays

Explanations of Schizophrenia Essays Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay Describe two explanations of schizophrenia and evaluate these explanations (9 and 16 marks) Two explanations of schizophrenia are the biological perspective and the psychological perspective. The biological perspective involves genetic factors that influence schizophrenia, however the psychological perspective involves environmental factors in which you learn the behaviour of a schizophrenic. The first explanation is the biological perspective, it has two subtypes, these are biochemical and genetic. The biochemical type talks about enlarged ventricles in the brain, these are cavities that supply nutrients and remove waste. The reason for enlarged ventricles could be due to an issue with diet. It also talks about the dopamine hypothesis, this is excess neurotransmitters. Dopamine occurs in the limbic system, this plays a major role in regulating emotional and sexual behaviour, attention and thoughts. Amphetamine and cocaine both largely increase levels of dopamine and can cause psychosis, this can sometimes explain attention and thought problems in schizophrenia as the dopamine neurons play a large role in guiding a person’s attention. Anti-psychotic drugs like chlorpromazine are thought to work by binding to dopamine receptor sites. The genetic type goes on to talk about how schizophrenia is found more in biological relatives depending on how close the family link is. Monozygotic twins have a 44. 37% of being born with schizophrenia. The PPP3CC chemical is an enzyme which regulates the immune system; it appears to be defective in many patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. The second explanation is the psychological perspective; there are many different explanations for schizophrenia that take a psychological view. These contain psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioural and other socio-cultural factors like the role of family and society. Cognitive explanations acknowledge the role that schizophrenia is characterised by thought disturbance. This could be down to cognitive deficits which can weaken areas such as perception and memory. Schizophrenics usually first discover symptoms of voices and abnormal sensory experiences, this then usually makes them turn to friends and family to confirm the experiences. Then other symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions are formed after the failure to not accept the reality, these of which are cognitive. The behavioural explanation suggests that schizophrenia is a consequence of faulty learning. Children who do not receive small amounts or little reinforcement early in their lives will put larger attention into irrelevant environmental cues. This behaviour will eventually appear ‘weird’ or strange to others and so will generally be avoided. These strange behaviours may be rewarded by attention and sympathy and so they are reinforced. This can continue until the behaviour becomes so strange that they are then labelled as schizophrenic. The psychodynamic explanation was developed by Stephen Freud. In terms of schizophrenia he suggests that the health condition is a result of regression to a pre-ego state and attempts to re-establish ego control. If the life experiences of a schizophrenic are harsh then the person may go back to a stage of development before the ego and awareness of the world is properly formed. Symptoms such as delusions can reflect this basic condition and other symptoms such as hallucinations and voices reflect the attempts of the person trying to re-establish its ego control. Socio-cultural explanations stress the role of social and family relationships. This can include social labelling, family relationships and life events. The family relationship theory suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. This will lead the child to receiving confused and conflicting messages about their relationship, conflict between verbal and non-verbal. Chronically this can develop into schizophrenic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. One strength of the biological explanation is that it has high reliability. The reason for this is because the research is carried out in highly controlled environments. This suggests that if this research was tested and re-tested the same results would be achieved. Another strength is that it has practical applications. However, a weakness of the biological explanation is that it lacks population validity. The reason for this is because the samples that are used are too small in numbers and only a select number are actually used. This suggests that there are issues with the findings being generalised to the whole population. Another weakness is that it is reductionist and too over simplistic. Also, is the raised dopamine levels the cause of the schizophrenia, or is it the raised dopamine levels which are the result of schizophrenia? It is not clear which comes first. This suggests that one needs to be careful when establishing cause and effect relationships in schizophrenic patients. One trength of the psychological explanation is that it has practical applications. Another strength is that it takes on board the nurture approach to the development of schizophrenia. For example, it suggests that schizophrenic behaviour is caused by environmental factors such as cognitive factors. However, a weakness of the psychological explanation is that you cannot determine cause and effect. Another weakness is that there are ethical issues in blaming the family, particularly as there is little evidence in which to base thi s. Gender bias is also an issue as the mother tends to be blamed the most. This suggests that the research therefore does not protect individuals from harm. Another weakness is that it can said to be reductionist. The reason for this is because the approach does not consider other factors such as genes. It could be that the problems are caused by low neurotransmitters and that creates the cognitive deficits. This suggests that the cognitive approach is over simplistic when considering the explanation of schizophrenia.

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay - 7

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the liability of employers for references. How, if at all, doe - Essay Example Selective provision of reference for former employees could contravene the Equality Act 2010 (the Act) if such an exercise amounts to discrimination. In cases where an employer does not offer a reference, it is bound by a duty of care to the former employee. The duty requires the former employer to exercise reasonable care in the processing of accurate, truthful, clear, and fair references (Sam, 2004). Employers also have a duty to fellow employer. In executing this duty, Austen-Baker (2011) notes that a former employer may offer a detailed or a brief reference; however, the content must contain all the necessary information that leaves no room for speculation. Any employer who fails on this may be liable for negligent misrepresentation of facts (Gergen, 2013). Such an employer may also be vulnerable to tort of deceit charges. Detrimental treatment The Act provides important safeguards against victimisation of an individual who files a case against a former employer or has volunteere d evidence in trial under the statute or filed a claim for violation of the statute (Elder, and Gerdes, 2007). Before the Act was enacted, the English common law had ensured that immunity against whistle-blowers and victims was in place. For instance, the House of Lords verdict in the case of Rhys-Harper v Relaxation Group plc [2003] IRLR 484, directed that employees should be cushioned against victimisation such as an employer’s denial of reference in connection to an earlier engagement. Marson (2013) has pointed out that Section 108 of the statute precisely leaves out issues to do with detrimental treatment where an employer-employee relationship has ended. Even though the motive behind Parliament’s decision to leave out victimisation claims after the end of an employment relationship could be seen as an error, the alleged gap is consistent with placing no duty on an employer to give reference to a former employee. Authorities Various examples of the UK case law have not been consistent on victimization of former employees. In the case of Ono v Akwiku (2012), the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) issued a verdict to the effect that it is legal for ex-employees to file for a claim for detrimental treatment under the Equality Act 2010. The ruling may have been informed by the fact that some employees are victims of unfair dismissal and subsequent victimization. Regardless of the reasoning, the EAT verdict contradicts the outcomes of the case of Rowstock Ltd & another v Jessemey (2013). In the latter case, the EAT held that Mr Rowstock could not be remedied for victimisation, following his receipt of a bad reference from his ex-employer. The claimant had alleged age discrimination as victimisation (Marson, 2013). The EAT's ruling was informed by the literal rule of  §108 of the Act, which could not be construed to arrive at a different meaning (Gergen, 2013). In the case of Ono v Atwiku, the petitioner, a domestic employee filed for a claim again st her ex-employers citing detrimental treatment which happened after the engagement between the two parties had ended. In its decision, as Marson (2013) states, the EAT sought to correct the ruling in Jessemey, by arguing that it would not be proper to bring claims of victimization against the former employer after they had gone separate ways. Legal absurdity In spite of the correction of the ruling on the former case

Personal journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Personal journal - Essay Example My best friend and his dad had also joined us. We all rose up early the morning of the long trip up to the camp site. Mom had made a whopping helping of pancakes and packed our lunches for along the way. My friend and I couldn’t sit still and hurriedly gulped down our breakfast forcing our dads to hurry up as well. Finally we headed out and I remember counting the cars to make the hours go by faster. When we arrived at the site, it was just like how my young mind hand imagined it. The clearing was wide and beautiful surrounded by trees, shrubs, and swaying grass. We had immediately set up the tents and started collecting logs for the campfire before the sun went down. There was a small stream not far away where we planned to do some fishing the next day. It was the perfect spot for the perfect weekend. That day we just rested and lay by the water, dipping our feet lazily, staring up at the darkening sky. The stars I remember seemed super bright and closer than usual. We had go ne to sleep early, resting up for the busy two days ahead. The next day we rose bright and early, ready to go hiking and later fishing for our lunch. At night the four of us used to sit around on logs with a flaming, hot camp fire in the middle, holding out our sticks covered in layers of gooey marshmallows. My friend’s dad told the best scary stories.

Counting rationally to 15 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counting rationally to 15 - Essay Example Blocks of wood can be labeled 1 - 15. Cups can then be placed on top of these blocks. The rule of the game would be, one cup on top of each block. To evaluate mastery on one to one correspondence, the teacher can post fifteen pictures on the board and indulge the students in yet another game. The teacher will then count the pictures on the board and the student that catches the teacher doing an erroneous counting gets an extra point. One such error by the teacher would be counting the same picture twice. Geary (1999) tells us that although children with MD understand one to one correspondence, they sometimes make mistakes on tasks that assess this concept. Children with mathematical disabilities(MD) almost always detect double counting when it is the last manipulative that is counted twice. When the first manipulative is double counted, the child has to wait until the counting is finished before he can decide whether the counting was erroneous or not. This suggests that children with MD have difficulty keeping information while counting. To solve this problem, have them use their fingers to count (Brown, Ferguson and Witzel, 2 007). This helps them associate counting with their fingers (one finger for '1', two fingers for '2' and they may use sticks as substitutes for numbers '11' through '15'). They can then keep track of the manipulatives as they count them. Stable order. The order of the word tags must be invariant across counted sets.

Gunshot Forensic Analysis

Gunshot Forensic Analysis School of Chemistry MM4EOX: Electron-optical and X-ray Techniques Pages 12: Forensic investigation: trace evidence analysis for gun-shot residue Page 3: Phase identification : characterization of nanostructured materials Page 4: Enviromental safety: characterization of fine scale particle distribution Forensic investigation: trace evidence analysis for gun-shot residue Introduction The ability to identify gunshot residue has provided solution to the problems encountered in the resolution of forensic science, legal medicines, and for shooting distance determination. Visually comparing the casework powder residue pattern on the garment or on the skin of the victim with the pattern obtained from a series of test firings at known distances, using the same gun and ammunition has been used as a method for routinely estimating gunshot range. Burned and unburned powder grains, carbonaceous particles, bullet jacket debris, shaving and dirt have been shown to be examples of materials ejected from the bore of the weapon around the entrance hole of the bullet and have been used as materials for analytical determination in order to obtain a more and accurate result.1 An issue that has become very important in criminal investigation is trace evidence. Very often it come into place after the commission of a crime, well after the charges have been filed and well after the completion of forensic examination. Trace evidence can usually take the form of fibers, paint chips, soil, building materials, glass, gunshot residue, seeds, feathers, animal hair, human hair, wood fragments and other material. It has been proved that these substances are usually transferred between individuals during physical contacts and can also be transferred from individuals to environments and from environment to individuals.2 This report shows how complementary analytical techniques ranging from batch injection analysis (BIA) method, based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), capillary electrophoresis, can been used to identify trace evidence for gun-shot residue. Batch Injection Analysis Batch injection analysis (BIA) method, based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) can been use to carry out forensic analysis of lead in gunshot residues (GSR). The design consist of a simple â€Å"J† shaped adaptor which is being used to direct the flux of the analyte injected with a micropipettor onto the hanging mercury drop electrode of any commercial electrode stand. Lifting with adhesive tape is usually selected for field use and pasting of the tape is done on polyethylene screens and stored in capped vials. Sampling is usually done with multiple strips and thus provides coarse mapping of the distribution of the Lead on the shooters hand following the dissolution/extraction step with chloroform/aqueous HCl. Certain volume of this aqueous phase is then injected for few seconds for accumulation of the Lead on the HMDE at a certain volt (vs. Ag/AgCl). A detection limit of 20 ng/mL of Pb(II), outreaching for GSR analysis can be achieved without oxygen r emoval, at a frequency of 20 injections per hour. Quantitative analysis has shown the detection of over 90% of lead residues.3 Scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis Elemental analysis using SEM/EDX can be carried out in order to understand bullet structure and major elemental composition. Datas produced from elemental composition of bullets can be used in deciding the exact methods most appropriate for the identification of bullet hole and the determination of firing distance. Bullets and shots are usually collected from unfired cartridges and subsequently brushed with detergents and cleaned using tap water, distilled water, and acetone. Double-sided carbon tape can be used as a means of mounting jackets, lead cores and lead bullets and shot onto the sample stub on subjection to SEM/EDX analysis. The external surface, cross section of lead core, lead bullet, or lead shot can be subjected to elemental analysis using EDX. The internal surface and cross section of the jacket can also be subjected to elemental analysis in order to understand its structural composition. EDX measurement conditions can be set from the SEM unit with regards to spectral measurement, multi-point measurement, mapping, and display of analysed elements on the SEM monitor. The image data obtained from the SEM can be used as basic data for the EDX, while the setting conditions for the SEM units are automatically transferred to the EDX unit. The function which provides the strongest backup for elemental distribution is the Smart Map. The Smart Map operates by recording the X-ray spectral data for all analysis points on the test sample together with the positions of analysis, thus providing the user to recall valuable data as needed. Backscattered electron imaging mode in SEM is able to reveal layers of metals on the jackets cross-section and its subsequent compositions while on the other hand, EDX analysis is able to reveal the coating elements detected on the external surface of lead bullet.4-5 At the moment, this technique is widely accepted due to the morphological (SEM) and elemental (EDX) determination of the metal residue. Capillary electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis can be used for the analysis of organic and inorganic components of gunshot residue in order to study sampling methodology, selectivity, reproducibility, quantification and the enhancement of the bulk analysis. A typical P/ACE MDQ Beckman capillary electrophoresis system is being used with polymide bare fused silica capillaries. A diode detector is usually used as a means of carrying out direct UV detection. A temperature of 25oC, with a positive voltage of 30KV and hydrodynamic injection of 5s and 0.5 p.s.i is usually used. The conditioning of new capillaries is usually done by rinsing with ethanol, HCL, NaOH at specific time and temperature. Between runs, the capillary is usually rinsed with deionised water, NaOH, and again with deionised water and background electrolyte at specific times. The sample is usually ejected into the capillary by temporal replacement of one of the buffer reservoir (usually at the anode) with a sample reservoir upon application o f either an electric potential or external pressure for a few seconds. Upon replacement of the buffer reservoir, an electric potential is applied between the capillary and the separation is performed. Optical UV-detection of the separated GSR component can be obtained directly through the capillary wall near the opposite end (usually near the cathode). Swabbing technique has been used as a means of obtaining samples from gunshot. This technique is however not too good in detecting important organic residue such as barium and antimony. Figure 1, shows a typical zone of sampling for gunshot residue.6-7 Figure1 Typical zones of sampling for gunshot residue. (A) web and (B) palm.7 Phase identification: characterization of nanostructured materials Complementary analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopies such as TEM SEM, and EDX spectrometry can be employed as a set of tools in characterizing a one-dimensional inorganic nanostructure in order to investigate the crystal structure, particle size distribution, morphology, composition and aggregate state. XRD The technique of XRD can be used to deduce the lattice parameter of inorganic nanostructures which can be used to provide information on the thermal properties of the material, strain state or an analysis of the defect structure. The diffraction pattern of the material can be indexed appropriately if the crystal structure of the material is known. For example, in a cubic system, the d spacing which correspond to each diffraction pattern is related to the lattice parameter a following the equation a2 = d2 / (h2 + k2 + l2) in which hkl are the miller indices. This is however used in indexing the diffraction pattern. This technique is however subject to systematic error in the position of the diffraction peaks and random error in the individual calculation of the lattice materials.8 The calculated lattice parameter value is usually compared with the experimental value and this can further be used for appropriate interpretation of result. SEM/EDX Nanostructured materials can be characterized by SEM integrated with an EDX analyzer in order to determine the particle morphology and chemical composition of the sample. The SEM column forms a focused probe of electrons on the sample while the beam current and probe current are usually adjusted as required. An image is formed by scanning the probe in a raster pattern on the sample, detecting some excited radiations from the sample, and storing the result either as a pattern of varying intensity levels on a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen or an a pattern of digital values in electronic memory for later manipulation and display. SEM images are usually formed by detecting either the secondary (low-energy) electrons emitted from the sample, or the backscattered (high-energy) electrons.9 Secondary electron images can provide information on the sample topography thus revealing information about the grain size distribution of the material. TEM/EDX TEM/EDX investigation of nanostructured materials can provide a more detailed information about the smallest particle. When the selection area diffraction (SAD) pattern is projected onto the viewing screen, we can use this pattern to perform the two most basic imaging operations in the TEM. In order to form an image in TEM, we either use the central spot, or we use some or all of the scattered electrons. The way we choose which electron forms the image is to insert an aperture into the back focal plane of the objective lens, thus blocking out most of the diffraction pattern except that which is visible through the aperture. If the direct beam is selected the resultant image is a bright-field (BF) image and if the scattered electrons are selected then the resultant image is the dark-field (DF) image.10 The dark-field imaging and digitization of particles can be used to extract size distribution of the grains through thresholding and measurement of the projected areas. Enviromental safety: characterization of fine scale particle distributions Appraisal of the fine scale particle distributions emitted from a waste disposal furnace can be carried out using SEM/EDX to investigate the particle morphology, composition and chemistry, while TEM/EDX can be carried out to give a more detailed information about the particle size distribution and SIMS to determine isotopic ratios. SEM/EDX SEM equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer can be used determine the elemental composition, morphology and chemistry of emitted particle in a waste disposal furnace. In order to determine the emitted particle containing the heavy metals, the sample is subjected to backscattered electron imaging while emitted particle containing salts can be imaged in the secondary electron mode. The detected backscattered electrons originate from the larger volume of the sample than do secondary electrons, and thus form an image of lower resolution. Focusing of a small spot on the high Z area followed by analysis of the X-ray signal with EDX allows the resulting X-ray lines to be detected and the elemental composition determined. TEM/EDX TEM images of the sample which comprises DF and BF can be coupled with EDX analysis and chemical mapping can be carried out. Both DF and BF imaging in TEM can be used to investigate the metal speciation in the fine fraction of the emitted particle furnace. DF imaging and digitization of the particle can be used to extract size distribution through thresholding and measurement of project areas. Elemental composition of the emitted particle could be detected in small aggregates upon analysis by EDX and selected area electron diffraction. SIMS Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to determine isotopic ratios of the heavy metals from within emitted particles. It operates by switching between masses and it possesses two microfocus ion sources. Sputtering is usually done with a primary O2+ and the intensity controlled by tuning the primary ion beam. The instrument can operate with a mass resolution power (MRP) of 25000.11 REFERENCES [1] Roberto G, Anna P and Salvatore, J Forensic Sci, March 2008, Vol. 53, No. 2. [2] Douglas D, Crime Scene, United States Attorneys Bulletin, 2001Vol. 49 No. 5. [3] Adriana D, Ivano G and R. Gutz, Electroanalysis 2005, 17, No. 2. [4] Hsien-Hui M, and Yen-Lin C, Forensic Science Journal 2006 5:21-34. [5] Toshikazu Y, Sukehiro I, Yoshinori N, Keith S, Readout, 2001 No. 22. [6] Richard A, Jennifer M, Harry E, Background theory and principles of capillary electrophoresis. [7] Ernesto B, Alma L. Revilla V,J. Chromatography A, 1061 (2004) 225-233

A Critical Look at Histories of Hutchinson and the Antinomians Essay

A Critical Look at Histories of Hutchinson and the Antinomians In the seventeenth century, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded as a haven for Puritans, who sought religious freedom and harmony. In order to achieve this haven, the settlers in Massachusetts Bay devised a system of government that would serve as both a political and moral authority. Between 1636 and 1638 the relative harmony of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was shaken by an uprising that has become known as the Antinomian Controversy. At the center of this controversy was Anne Hutchinson, a Boston woman bold enough to challenge the teachings of local ministers and to criticize New England churches. Hutchinson was extraordinary for a variety of reasons. Her theology of â€Å"free grace† and her claim to have received immediate revelations from God were considered a dangerous deviation from Puritan theology. She was also a woman challenging the established male hierarchy of Puritan society. In addition, her theological ideas had important implications fo r political theory and attracted many followers in seventeenth-century New England. However, despite all that is known about Hutchinson’s life and the details of the Antinomian Controversy, there are no written records of her beliefs. Instead, contemporary historians, political scientists and feminists must interpret her actions, trial records and the accounts of her contemporaries to determine why she chose to challenge Puritan society in the way that she did. Because little is known about why Anne Hutchinson acted as she did, she has become a veritable chalice into which historians, political scientists and feminists can pour their own ideas. As a result, interpretations of Ann... ...6. Hall, David D. The Antinomian Controversy 1636-1638: A Documentary History. Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1968. Koehler, Lyle. â€Å"The Case of the American Jezebels: Anne Hutchinson and Female Agitation during the Years of Antinomian Turmoil, 1636-1640.† The William and Mary Quarterly 31, pp. 55-78. Lang, Amy Schrager. Prophetic Woman: Anne Hutchinson and the Problem of Dissent in the Literature of New England. California: University of California Press, 1987. Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson. The Puritan Oligarchy: The Founding of American Civilization. New York: Scribner’s Press, 1947. Westerkamp, Marilyn J. Women and Religion in Early America, 1600-1850: The Puritan and Evangelical Traditions. London: Routledge, 1999. Williams, Selma. Divine Rebel: The Life of Anne Marbury Hutchinson. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1981.

Online vs Classroom Education Essay

Online vs. Classroom, which format is better for you? Well that all depends on you as a student and what fits your lifestyle. They say that college students between the ages of 18-21, benefit more from attending a traditional college. They have more of a need for the social atmosphere, plus this means freedom from living at home. Students who are older most likely already have jobs and family to support. Therefore, they find that going to an online university or college fits their lifestyle better. In the following pages, I am going to discuss the differences between online and on-campus classes and how internet classes compare to face-to-face classroom settings. Being in the classroom provides an interactive setting. Having students all in the same classroom has the benefit of allowing students to exchange ideas and have discussions with the teacher included in the exchange without any communication barrier. I just recently graduated from a Summit Career College and there’s no way I would have gotten through learning all the Microsoft Office Applications if I wouldn’t have taken it in class and had fellow student’s, plus my teacher there in class to help me. Therefore, you need to think about what kind of student you are and what kind of education program you will need to get through the subjects you are taking. Online learning provides a different level of conversation between students and with their teacher. They interact through class discussion boards, e-mail, and student chat rooms. Student chat rooms make it easier for professors to be more readily available to students. In addition, you have the opportunity to meet people from other parts of the world. For instance, I have had fellow classmates that are over in Iraq taking the same classes. Which I have found to be amazing on their part and informative. Since I have started at Ashford University, I look forward to the discussion boards and getting feedback from my classmates through that of communicating. Classrooms tend to group students together in large numbers, which makes it easier for students with learning deficiencies to get lost in the shuffle. In addition, for students who are shy or reserved to speak up in class and taking part in class. I have experienced that first hand at my last college. I found that most of the students in class did not respond to the teacher’s questions for fear of getting it wrong and feeling embarrassed when they did. Online classes have more of a one on one perspective from the teacher’s standpoint. Because most of the teacher to student communication is through e-mail, discussion boards or student chat rooms. Therefore, for some students, that is less intimidating and they do not have to worry about the teacher calling on them. . With online classes, students that are shy or reserved are not afraid to speak up or taking part in discussions. Online education requires discipline, focus, dedication, and motivation as does on-campus. There are so many distractions when you are at home then when you are in class. When you are at home, you can pick the place and time that is best for you to do your study time. In addition, if you have a full time job to go to everyday, online classes make it easier for you to get your education that way. In class, you have a teacher in front of you to keep you focused and to help you pay attention. Online you have to keep yourself focused, you are responsible f or getting your assignments, and making sure, they are turned in on time. In class, you have more reminders around you for getting your assignments in on time and there is more structure. In conclusion, there are many advantages and disadvantages to either type of learning environment. It is to your advantage to use something from each method to its fullest. The combination of both online and classroom education might be what is best for some students. However, for some students having a consistent school schedule prohibits some students from furthering their education. It is up to the student to figure out which is better overall for them. So, do your research on which schools have and which format is right for you. I did about a month of research on online schools before I picked Ashford University. I would recommend you do your homework before you select a school for yourself.

Buffalo Soliders In The West essays

Buffalo Soliders In The West essays Throughout American history, African Americans havent had too much say in whether or not they belonged in the United States or not. Slavery without a doubt had a great impact upon their decisions. However, despite their troubles, African Americans have paid their dues and have made an impact on our armed forces since the Revolutionary War. African Americans have fought to preserve the rights for Americans, as well as having to fight the war within their very own country to gain the right to fight for their country and their individual freedom. Approximately sixteen months after the end of the Civil War, an Act of Congress entitled the Buffalo Soldiers An Act to increase and fix the Military Peace Establishment of the United States. Which authorized the formation of tow regiments of cavalry to be composed of colored men. This act was approved on July 28th, 1866. On September 21st, 1866, the 9th cavalry regiment was activated in Greenville, LA, along with the 10th cavalry regiment, which was activated at Fort Leavenworth, KS. Even though the African American soldiers clearly distinguished themselves as soldiers, they were by no means wanted in the army. Shortly after General Washington took command of the Army, the white colonists decided that not only should no black slaves or freemen be enlisted, but that those already serving in the Army should be dismissed. The colonists didnt enjoy the black soldiers in the army because they felt that blacks werent smart enough and as well trained to handle themselves in battle. In turn, would only be taking up space and food for the other soldiers who they felt were more equipped to fight with the army in major battles. The colonists would probably have kept Blacks out of the military during the war if it were not for the proclamation by the Lord of Dunmore. His statement was, "I do hereby... declare all... Negroes... free, that are able and willing to bear ...

John Calhoun essays

John Calhoun essays John Caldwell Calhoun was born in 1782 in South Carolina. Calhoun was born near Abbeville District, South Carolina, and was an honors graduate at Yale College in 1804. He practiced law in Abbeville District until his election to the South Carolina legislature in 1808. He was a major American political figure before the Civil War. Calhoun played an important part in national affairs for 40 years. He was Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832, and he ran for President several times but never won. He also served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and of the Senate, and as secretary of war and secretary of state. Calhoun is best known for his doctrine of states' rights, in which he claimed that each U.S. state had a right to reject national laws. He wanted to use the doctrine to protect slavery and other Southern interests without requiring the Southern States to withdraw from the Union. Later, however, the doctrine helped bring on the Civil War 1861-1865. Calhoun entered national politics as a member of the House of Representatives from 1811 to 1817. He was a fiery nationalist, and together with other young congressmen he was called a War Hawk for advocating the War of 1812. He actively supported the government's postwar program, which included a protective tariff, a national bank, and an enlarged army and navy. He improved the army's organization while secretary of war from 1817 to 1825. Calhoun was the vice presidential running mate of both Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams in 1824. He won by a landslide, but the vote for President was uncertain. The House of Representatives picked Adams. In 1828, Jackson again opposed Adams for President, and Calhoun served as Jackson's vice presidential running mate. Jackson and Calhoun won the election. But after Jackson became President, the two men quarreled, especially over Calhoun's support of nullification. Calhoun felt th ...

Pulmonary Effects Of Smoking Marijuana Dissertation

Pulmonary Effects Of Smoking Marijuana - Dissertation Example Research shows that many users of marijuana often inhale it as extremely hot fumes, usually to peak inspiration, and held as long as possible before being exhaled slowly. According to a study by Forrester et al (2012), this form of smoking has a greater impact on the pulmonary system because it predisposes the lung parenchyma to a greater damage than the smoking of standard tobacco cigarettes. Research concerning the impacts of smoking marijuana has been done in the past and confirmed that the risk of regular smoking of marijuana is similar to those of regular tobacco smoking (Onaivi, 2006). There are many studies on the effects of tobacco on the respiratory system as well as certain diseases have been profiled and linked to tobacco. However, few studies have focused on the effect of marijuana on the pulmonary function. Hii et al (2008) investigated the effects of smoking marijuana upon pulmonary emphysema using a series of 10 patients consisting of ages between 32 and 50, two female and eight male. The participants were those who were presented over a period of 12 months in a respiratory unit showing new respiratory symptoms and those who admitted being regular consumers of marijuana. The participants also exhibited the following symptoms on presentation including dyspnoea, pneumothorax and any kind of chest infection. In this study, high-resolution CT shows variable sized, asymmetrical emphysematous bullae in the mid and upper zones. However, CT revealed normal CXR in four patients and normal functioning of the lung was normal in five patients. This study shows that marijuana smoking predisposes individual smokers to asymmetrical bullous disease mostly in normal CXR setting and function of the lung. The study also revealed that these pathological changes take place at a younger age up to 2o years earlier compared to tobacco smokers (Hii et al, 2008).

Some Abortions are Immoral and Some are Moral Essay

Some Abortions are Immoral and Some are Moral - Essay Example The debate on 'Why would a mother choose to end her own child's life' is never ending. There are various moral, ethical, health and legal issues involved. Abortion not only effects mother and her baby but also the rest of the family members: father, siblings of baby, grandparents, friends and everyone else involved in the process. 1. Measure of birth control: 98% of abortions result as a measure of birth control. It is the leading cause of death in America. Since no birth control method is 100% effective, women opt for a termination in case of an unplanned pregnancy ("Abortion 101,"n.d.). 2. Teenage Pregnancy: One of the major reasons of teenage pregnancy is unawareness. Most of these pregnancies are unintended resulting from unsafe sex. Teens choose abortion as they are not prepared to become parents at such an early age of life. In 1999, over 148,000 teenage pregnancies ended in abortion. Most of the abortions are performed without the consent and knowledge of parents. The best measure to prevent the teenage pregnancy is the education about safe sex and support of parents (Alford, 2003). 3. Rape and incest: Rape and incest victims account for 1% of the abortion cases ("Abortion 101,"n.d.).Abortion is often seen as a solution to the problem. But it can have serious long lasting effects on the mother such as depression, guilt, anger, loneliness. (Reardon, 1994). 4. Single parenting: In many cases, woman's partner may not support her in pregnancy and wants to go ahead with the abortion. This leaves mother in dilemma to choose birth or abortion. Understanding the problems faced by single mothers in the society, mother may opt for an abortion ("Why Do Women Have Abortions," 2006). 5. Financial issues: Some mothers consider that they are not financially sound to support their child after birth. This situation may lead to inadequacy of indispensable resources in upbringing of the child. The future and security of both the mother and the child are at risk. Most of the times this situation is due to single parenting ("Why Do Women Have Abortions," 2006). 6. Pregnancy due to a dishonest premarital or extramarital relationship: Pregnancy resulting from an illicit relation may ruin a women's family and social life. It may have serious impact on other family members such as her husband, other children, in laws and friends. 7. Pregnancy as a hurdle in education and career: College age women form the major abortion carrying group. Pregnancy is seen as hurdle in realizing their dreams. 8. Gender selection: It is also a major cause of abortions, especially in Asian countries like India and China. Families who do not have enough funds to raise and educate many children, opt for sons who will eventually earn for the family in future and abort girl child with the fear of raising her to be married into someone's else's home. 9. Domestic violence issues: Women subjected to domestic violence in their families do not want to give birth and raise their babies in such an environment and choose an abortion over birth. 10. Birth defects detected in the babies: If the medical tests detect birth defects in the babies, mothers can opt

How has sept. 11th effected the economy in the united states Essay

How has sept. 11th effected the economy in the united states - Essay Example It is hardly possible to meet the person who is unaware about the events of September 11. Thousands of people became victims of the biggest terrorist attack in the history of United States. The single day has changed the life of Americans, their perception of security and human dignity. The attack was well planned and confidently carried out, it was impossible to foresee this tragedy. Or was it? Four years have passed since that time but the world is still talking about it. One of the major outcomes of September 11 has become the closer examination of visitors to United States. The concept of racial profiling has become an inevitable part of national security. Nevertheless, is it reasonable to label the whole Arabian world as potentially dangerous because of the action of several individuals? When the American nation has managed to overcome the terror, the cardinal actions had to take place. Among the first initiatives was to use racial profiling in screening out the potentially dangerous immigrants and visitors to the country. Of course, the Arabs have become number one suspects and were closely examined. Was this targeted screening justified or was only the way to hide discriminatory attitude towards Arabian nation? Most likely, American government was not ready for attack of such level and racial profiling was the only effective way to prevent further attack. However, some of the actions are hard to explain and understand. For example, prior to September 11 Americans have rejected racial profiling, but since that day the public opinion has reversed. More than 1000 Arabs and Arab Americans (those who were born and lived all their lives in United States) were detained even though not a single of them has been charged with any formal offense (Davis, N., 2001). Students were kindly invited to visit their Arabian families in native countries with the hope that they will never return to United

Invitation meeting Essay Example for Free

Invitation meeting Essay Boston global is a company that has provided outsourced resources services for fortune 500 companies. The companies have been able to solve their problems through our advice. We are the industry leaders in taking care of our employees in terms of their compensation insurance and disability insurance coverage. Your company has recently experienced numerous human resource problems. This may be due to the expansion that you are undergoing. Your company is growing fast and needs to grown in human resource services too. I also understand that your company does not have the in – house expertise to quickly establish the human resource and the procedures needed within a larger, publicly traded organization. It is important for every company to have a human resource department with qualified employees that look into the welfare of its employees. I was wondering whether your company has ever considered worker’s compensation disability exposure. It is for these reasons that my company would kindly like to ask you to set up a meeting with us I order to discuss the problems you are currently facing and the services that our company offers. We are hopeful that we will enter into a contract with you for these services so that you company can continue growing.

The History Of The Leadership Theory History Essay

The History Of The Leadership Theory History Essay Leadership can be defined as a persons ability to let others willing to follow leadership. Every organization needs leaders at all levels. Leaders can be found and nurtured if you look at the following character traits. Visionary leader has a clear, vivid picture of where to go, and firmly grasp that looks like what is success and how to achieve it. But it is not enough to have a vision; leaders also must be shared and put into practice. Jack Welch, the former chairman and chief executive officer of General Electric Company, said, Good business leaders create a vision, a clear vision, passion, vision and relentlessly drive it through. (Investing Value) The leader must be able to communicate, buy its followers in his or her vision. He or she must communicate clearly and enthusiasm, passion is contagious. Besides that, a good leader must have the discipline and single-minded in his or her vision, as well as to guide his or her actions, and to the goals of the team. The action is a sign of the leader. A leader does not suffer analysis paralysis, but the thing to do is always in pursuit of the vision, inspire others to do the same. The simplest definition for leadership is a leader having followers. According to Keith Grint, leadership is not simply to delineate a space in a language game, and it is not merely a game of sophistry; indeed, we dont need to agree on the definition but we need to be able to understand each others position so as to make sense of each others arguments (Grint, 2010). A good leader will lead the organization to a better future and also provide benefits to society. The characteristics of a leader also important because it may affect the society when the leader became the role model of the world. Peoples will practice what the leader done to become the way success. Objectives To learn more about those succeed leadership To identified the way of the leaders succeed To compare the similarity and the difference between those leaders To understand the characteristics of each leader Research methodology During this assignment, most of my information came from internet and also refers from some reference book to get more details to support what I need to do. Literature review The simplest definition for leadership is a leader having followers. According to Keith Grint, leadership is not simply to delineate a space in a language game, and it is not merely a game of sophistry; indeed, we dont need to agree on the definition but we need to be able to understand each others position so as to make sense of each others arguments (Grint, 2010). Leadership ability, which means that the leader has the ability to do something through talent and technology (Smith, 2010). Talent is natural and technical capabilities through training and experience. Talent is certainly helpful, but not required. I know many people are born with leadership close to zero, but become great leaders through training, experience, and most importantly, persistence (Smith, 2010). Good leadership is critical to a successful school. Success comes from aiming high with the clear vision, ethos and communication that good leadership brings. We will act to support high quality school leadership and inspired ambitious school communities. (Ambitious, Excellent Schools Our Agenda for Action, Scottish Executive, 2004, p5) Even more recently, it is not an isolated activity, investment in a person, but all kinds of people, and contributes to the leadership of effective leadership, leadership distribution. If this happens, then the leadership willing to go beyond the individual management training, the need to obtain a wider development team leadership: leadership skills, how to develop? The new qualification is called the National Professional Qualification in Integrated Centre Leadership (National College for School Leadership, 2005): It is acknowledged that the early leadership with distinctive emphases, especially in the development of integrated services and hybrid models of the staff continue to be a feature of the early childhood work. One view was that the leadership is personal qualities, therefore, the single leadership role, the concept of competition and power of the built-in (Thornton, 2005) does not sit easily with the cooperation of the way early childhood education practice basis. Early years before school services are often non-hierarchical, and the majority of women workers (Ebbeck and Waniganayake, 2003; Rodd, 2005). Fairly flat structure means, assigned leadership models are often enough to be the priority in the early childhood setting, although in pen green (Pen Green, 2005) asserts that if we transform the life chances of children can only be completed by the far-sighted leadership. Early childhood sector continues to grow; we are now the majority of families use of pre-school education (Scottish Executive, 2004a). These different settings often have a different concept, structure and quality assurance of various models: Muijs et al (2004) report that they are inspected by different bodies. Solly (2003) conducted a study finds that there is regarded as a leader in setting the differences in the various types of child care. Pre-school, primary school, private and voluntary settings, respondents believe that a single leader, but a formal leadership kindergarten celebration and centers of excellence provide a broader interpretation. Early education to clarify their leadership, according to a different set, they are based. For example, Osgood reported that private sector providers are easier to apply business principles, a set of management and volunteer management department set less comfortable with entrepreneurship agenda (Osgood, 2004). Management kindergartens tend to have a collaborative leadership and community-centered way, jeopardize the gains for fear of competition (Osgood, 2004). The leader sex may be a way, in addition to the education sector leadership in early childhood. Rhoda (2005), women determine the concept and need to be led by the question: What kind of leadership could mean that early childhood services, they may lack of understanding. Involving sets (Dunlop, 2005), the relationship between the concept of leadership in the department, has more in common with early childhood education teaching method than the traditional business philosophy, leadership. There is a view that the different leadership styles of men and women leaders: Recent research has provided no evidence to support this (Muijs). However, Solly (2003) found that the majority of early childhood leaders, in his study that the difference between the department and other leadership styles. A social constructivist mode of learning often early years, advocates, Solly found that leaders of early childhood education itself active learning tendency to make others. The participants felt that the advantage of their own propaganda, inspiration, enthusiasm, and spirit, are lifelong learners and teamwork (Solly, 2003). In my opinion, I do agree that some leader was born to be but most of them were made. Nobody will be the perfect one but after trained, most of the attitude will bring up after training to become a leader. Finding The leaders that I choose for my assignment is the co-founders of Amway Richard Devos and Jay Van Andel, and the chairman of Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts chain Robert Kuok Hock Nien. Background Richard Devos Mr. Richard M. DeVos, the rich is the co-founder of the Amway Corporation, and served as vice president. Rich DeVos met a founding partner of Amway Corporation, the lifetime friend Jay Van Andel in high school Houdiweishi willing to pay 25 cents a week, bike to school. In 1949, Mr. DeVos formation of JA-RI, and began selling the product direct sales basis. In 1959, he founded Amway Corporation (short form as American Way) and Van Andel and start selling to friends, family, and door-purpose cleaner. DeVos to step down in 1993, Doug, his son took over as president of the company. In October 2000, Amway has been one of four subsidiaries of a new holding company, Alticor, Access Business Group LLC, a provider of business services, and Jetstar operations in North America, based on the Web three sister companies: Access Business Group LLC., a business services provider, and Quixtar Inc., a Web-based business in North America. He served as the founding chairman of the National Organization on Disability. He is the Chairman of the National Basketball Association. He served as chairman of the Direct Selling Association. He served as a director and founder of the company Alticor. Amway Chairman of the Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, he served as a board member of the National Organization on Disability, the Board of Directors, Gerald R Ford Foundation: Member, Board of Directors, the governor of Florida; Northwood University the Council freedom trustee: an honorary member of the Committee, DeVos Childrens Hospital; researcher, the worlds scholarship at Duke University, Edinburgh Award, Newcomen Society: Board of Directors of the past, the spectrum of health; container president, before the fiscal Chairman of the National Policy Committee, the Republican National Committee, the Chairman of the Committee of AIDS past members. He was in the U.S. Air Force 1944-1946. A well-known speaker, Mr. DeVos has appeared around the world hundreds of thousands of people. Recorded lectures, sales to the United States, free economy Education Foundation, the Alexander Hamilton Award, he wrote three books: believe, compassionate capitalism, and I sincerely hope that ten lessons in life and I really hope, 10 lessons of 71-year-old, his heart transplant, and provide such perseverance, confidence, confidence, respect and faith, life, life-changing experience. September 1991, Mr. DeVos and his family obtained the National Basketball Association, the Orlando Magic franchise he received numerous awards and honors, including: Davenport University Outstanding Business Award 2000: We can make a difference to pay tribute to the life Award in 1999 from West Michigan, the government hopes, Humanitarian Award, in 1999, the American Spirit Award, the Republican House of Representatives and the Senate in the 1998 Junior Achievement National Business Hall of Fame in 1998. Professor Horatio Alger in 1996 Horatio Alger Award, Edison Award in 1994 by the American associate professor of marketing: a year in the Adam Smith Free Enterprise Award from the American Legislative Exchange Council 1993: Donald J. Potter Humanitarian Award by the YMCA Heritage Club Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1993, the social responsibility of entrepreneurs year 1992, the annual implementation, sales and marketing, University of Arizona, 1991: William Booth Award Salvation Army in 1990, appointed by the competent international school achievement Charter in 1990, the United Nations Environment Programme Achievement Award of the organization, to accept on behalf of Amway in 1989, Napoleon Hill Gold Medal Corporate Achievement Award in 1989, greatly Grand Rapids business hall of fame in the 1989 Entrepreneur of the Year in 1988, the University of Missouri, 1979 Direct Marketing Association Hall of Fame Award, Outstanding Management Award, Industry Week, freedom of speech, Thomas Jeffer son Award, Kiwanis: American Enterprise award-winning senior management of National Association ; can accommodate 10 honorary doctorate degrees different colleges and universities throughout the country, and honor due to OMICRON Delta Kappa, the national leadership of the association. In April 1998, his family through the RDV sports was named WNBA franchise the right International in Orlando Miracle Mr. DeVos and his family have Orlando Sun Bear Hockey League. He is a Grand Rapids Christian high school graduates and participants Calvin College in Grand Rapids. Today the company, now operated by Alticor in 2000 after the reorganization under the umbrella of the revenue of $ 10.9 billion, 17% in 2011, the 11th time in 12 years the company has recorded an increase in sales. DeVos also owns the Orlando Magic. He built a new arena for the team at the Amway Arena in 2010, $ 480 million. Jay Van Andel June 3, 1924, was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, died of Parkinsons disease, December 7, 2004, in Ada, MI. Entrepreneurs. Van Andel has become a pilgrimage site belong to evangelical Protestant denominations, Christian Reformed Church Dutch immigrants. Christian high school in the city, the Van Andel and DeVos, began his flight school after returning to service in the Army Air Corps during World War II. They opened a restaurant in the hard butter hamburger fry recipe from their mother, but later sold to the two companies, and buy a Caribbean cruise. They plan to start a business seagoing, but they returned to Cuba and Grand Rapids near the ship was damaged. Amway co-founder Jay Van Andel, grown into one of the most impressive and controversial success story in the U.S. business. Van Andel architect Amway attractive direct marketing strategy, through personal contact network sales of consumer goods, but the company from consumer watchdog groups, sometimes attracted unfavorable attention. Along with the long-term business partner Richard DeVos and Van Andel is the most prominent business leaders in a Michigan Republican and conservative political causes and generous contributions. Van Andel and DeVos business, import and export called Nutrilite supplement manufacturers. Use what they have learned, from the sale of your friends and family, they founded Amway in the basement of the family Van Andel in 1959 LOC, full-featured household cleaners. Their company name to American way, and relies on a multi-level marketing scheme. New sales recruits will buy the goods and the price tag as an independent distributor for sale to others. However, the key to success is to recruit other people to join the team to grow sales, independent distributors will receive a percentage of the profits from sales of their recruits; returns. Van Andel wrote all sales and marketing materials in the early stages of Amway expanded to include self-help books and tapes incentives. Also to be sold to independent distributors of new recruits and various brands of Amway products gradually extended to almost all consumer goods, from soap to vitamins. Amway basic knowledge of free enterprise, and motivate the sales mix is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹not without its critics, and some are not satisfied with the members who claim that the company is what is essentially a large-scale fraud. It was investigated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission for several years, but the founder is connected to the Grand Rapids birth Republicans will go to the White House in 1974, Gerald Ford, to help it to avoid further investigation. Amway cannot escape investigation, however, making a false report tax evasion charges brought in 1983 by the Government of Canada through the United States and Canada boundary value goods. Amway paid a fine of $ 58000000, which is the largest ever imposed on Canadian history. Amway was an international context and a large number of members in China and other Asian countries during the 1990s. The company eventually changed its name to Alticor, is considered worth $ $ 62000000000 in 2004. Van Andel retired in 1995, will no longer serve as Chairman of the Company, and continue to be involved in philanthropy. He and DeVos generously to various city cultural institutions Grand Rapids, in various projects, bear the name of Van Andel Van Andel Institute, dedicated to education and medical research. He also funded a plant in Arizona, hoping to prove through scientific methods, that the world is the highest in six days, the Christian Bible. He is also an enthusiastic donor to Republican coffers and donated $ 2000000 in the presidential campaign in 2004, the United States, resulting in a series of television commercials, questioned the value of the Democratic Party, the White House is hoping John Kerry (John Kerry) the development and experience of the organization . Big Rapids Hoekstra married Betty Van Andel in 1952, he had four children. He owns a private island, and later years, Van Andel died in January 2004 in the British Virgin Islands family where he spent his last few weeks, too. He returned to Michigan and December 7, 2004, aged 80, after suffering from Parkinsons disease for several years, died at his home in Ada, Michigan. He is survived by his son, Steve, and Dave, his daughter Nan and spines, and ten grandchildren. Forbes estimated his personal wealth at $ 29 billion. For me, the biggest source of pleasure rather than the acquisition of material things are endless, but to create wealth, give up, he wrote in his autobiography of 1998, a proactive life, according to Uncle Adam. Mr. Sitan in the Washington Post. The job of everyone on this planet is the ultimate glory of God. Van Andel died in 2004 at age 80 due to heart failure. Robert Kuok Hock Nien Robert Kuok was born on October 6, 1923, in Johor Bahru and his three brothers, youngest. He is an influential member of the Malaysian Chinese business. According to Forbes magazine estimated his net worth is about $ 90 billion, which makes him the richest man in Southeast Asia. In addition to a large number of enterprises in Malaysia, his companies have investments in many countries in Asia. His business interests consist of sugar cane plantations (Perlis Plantations Bhd), sugar refining, flour milling, animal feed, oil and mining to finance, hotels, real estate, trade and transport (International Shipping Corporation, Transmile Group) and publications. Just like Boon Siew and Lim Goh Tong, who emigrated from China, Kuoks father arrived in Malaya from Fujian, China in the early 20th century. And unlike the late Boon Siew and Goh Tong, Kuok is an educated rich man (Unknown, 2010). He received his early education in English schools and then enrolled into Raffles College in Singapore, with Lee Kuan Yew as one of the classmates. He had a short stint working with Japanese companies, Mitsubishi after studies at Raffles was stopped because the invasion of Japan, before helping his father with the trade business. After the death of his father, Kuok and his two brothers have decided to continue the legacy business, starting with the distribution of sugar and some other commodities under the new post-colonial government (Ikhwan, 2011). Business skills they have picked up from their father, who is an avid trader. In 1961, he made a coup by buying cheap sugar from India before the price goes up. Kuok massive involvement in the sugar industry allows the company to be a supplier of open government and Kuok sugar refinery plant to grow again. At the height of his business, he has control of 80% of the Malaysian sugar market with production of 1.5 million tons, equivalent to 10% of the global export market, and so earned his nickname Sugar King of Asia. Encouraged by the success of his sugar business, Kuok has fastened his growing business into flour milling, shipping, logistics, oil and gas and hotel. His resurrections to success are fame and famous due to both his expertise in spotting opportunities and strong network with great people, corporations and governments. In 1971, he built the first Shangri-La Hotel in Singapore. His foray into Hong Kong property is in 1977, when he acquired a new piece of land reclaimed Tsim Sha Tsui East waterfront, where he built a second hotel, the Kowloon Shangri-La. Kuok controls the Shangri-La hotel chain and is the largest shareholder of Transmile Group Berhad, which is engaged in accounting irregularities scandal in 2007, the stock price goes down. In addition, he took Kerry Group a 34.9% interest in the South China Morning Post from Murdochs News Corporation in 1993. He said his hotel check every now and then to ensure that staff provides the highest quality service. There are times when he in vited the taxi driver for a free lunch at the hotels cafe. Kuok is considered a man of truth when dealing with people, including employees. There are stories Kuok sought permission from cabin crew to smoke in an airplane he owns. When the crew told him that he would not have to ask anyone, he responded by saying that he was only asked in a normal passenger capacity. His company has investments in many countries, including Singapore, Thailand, China, Indonesia, and Australia. Business in China includes 10 bottling companies Coca Cola, ownership of the World Trade Centre Beijing. Confirmed his political influence he was named by one of the childs future advisor Hong Kong in the run up to the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong, and minority interests in CITIC Pacific. He also played an important role in disseminating information and set up a meeting between Malaysia and China governments leading to full diplomatic cross recognition between the two countries. Kuok has married twice and has eight children. He officially retired from the Kerry Group on 1 April, 1993. Now, Kuok Khoon Ean, one of the sons of Robert, handles mo st of the day-to-day operations of the business. He was living in Hong Kong at this time. Kuok Group started business as Kuok Brothers Limited in the year 1949 in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, trading rice, sugar and wheat flour. Business activity expanded in 1953 with the opening of the Singapore Branch, Kuok (Singapore) Limited. From a humble beginning, the Kuok Group has grown to become one of the most diverse multinational conglomerate and dynamic in Asia. Driving force behind the growth of the Group is Kuok family, whose vision and commitment to hard work and excellence for more than two generations have made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Kuok Group market leader in many areas. From the beginning of its operations, the Group has set forth the basic values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of integrity, loyalty and discipline. These values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹have served as the basis for achievement during the past 46 years. From a trading post established in Malaysia and Singapore, the Group has expanded its operations in the 1950s and 1960s to Thailand and Indonesia. It focuses on the activities of ancillary and related to growth, and also pursued new business and trade opportunities, particularly in commodities, resulting in a trading relationship with companies in Hamburg, Paris, London and New York. Hong Kong and China become the focus of further development in the region in 1980 after a group of senior man agers 1970sand established Kerry Holdings Limited in Hong Kong in 1974. The name Kerry has become identified with the Kuok Groups extensive operations in Hong Kong and China. The Group has built a management team with great depth and breadth of experience and knowledge. The team continues to focus on herself for the Groups business expansion, particularly in emerging markets in Asia, in areas that complement the Groups business, especially in emerging markets in Asia, in areas that complement the Groups interests and expertise. Central to its future growth is a commitment to maintain the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹that lie at the heart of the Kuok Groups success. To spend money is to earn money.If the food in the staff canteen is good, the food in the hotel is good. (Quotes from Robert Kuok) Company profile Amway (Amway) People helping people, people live better life. Amway is one of the worlds largest direct selling businesses powered by: Brands That Do Wonders Opportunities That Empower Relationships That Endure Global Citizenship Thats Purposeful Amway is above all a family company. Steve Van Andel and Doug DeVos lead a diverse global management team that supports distributors and their goals. Jay Van Andel, said of the company, AMWAY gets people into a new life of excitement, promise, profit, and hope. AMWAY now operates in over 80 countries and territories around the world. For over 50 years, Amway continue to build on the original values and principles established by our founders to ensure the passion for the business stays alive.    Freedom Personal opportunity and economic opportunity go hand in hand. With AMWAY you have the freedom to change your life by owning your own business. Family We all need family to cheer us on. We are all members of the global Amway family we respect and take care of each other to foster success. Hope Inspiring you to dream bigger. Amway creates an environment where hope can thrive. Reward Happiness is best achieved through earned success. Amway rewards what you achieve, and also what you help others achieve. Vision and values We work each and every day to help people live better lives. We achieve our vision by helping people everywhere discover their potential and achieve their goals by offering better brands and opportunities for the future, and by sharing generously with the global community. To help us realize our vision, we have six enduring values that the business has been built on. Said co-founders of Amway. Partnership AMWAY is built on the concept of partnership between the co-founders. The partnership that exists among the founding families, employees, and business owners is our most prized possession. We always try to do what is in the long-term best interest of our partners, in a manner that increases trust and confidence.    Integrity Integrity is essential to our business success. We do what is right, not just whatever works. AMWAYs success is measured not only in economic terms, but by the respect, trust and credibility.    Personal Worth We also acknowledge the uniqueness created in each individual. Every person is worthy of respect, and deserves fair treatment and the opportunity to succeed to the fullest extent of his or her potential.    Achievement We are builders and encouragers. We strive for excellence in all we do. Our focus is on continuous improvement, progress and achievement of individual and group goals. We anticipate change, respond swiftly to it, take action to get the job done, and gain from our experiences. We encourage creativity and innovation.    Personal Responsibility Each individual is responsible and accountable for achieving personal goals, as well as giving 100 percent effort in helping achieve corporate or team goals. By helping people help themselves, we further the potential for individual and shared success. We also have a responsibility to be good citizens in the communities where we live and work. Free Enterprise We are proud advocates of freedom and free enterprise. Human economic advancement is clearly proven to be best achieved in a free market economy.5.2.2 Shangri-La Hotels and Resort Chain (Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts) The Shangri-La story began in 1971 with their first deluxe hotel in Singapore. Inspired by the legendary land featured in James Hiltons 1933 novel, Lost Horizon, the name Shangri-La encapsulates the serenity and service for which of their hotels and resorts are renowned worldwide. Today, Hong Kong-based Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts is Asia Pacifics leading luxury hotel group, Shangri-La Hotels Group are also regarded as one of the worlds finest hotel ownership and management companies. With 75 hotels and resorts throughout Asia Pacific, North America, the Middle East, and Europe, the Shangri-La group has a room inventory of over 30,000. In addition, new hotels are under development in mainland China, India, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Turkey and United Kingdom. The Shangri-La S logo, which resembles uniquely Asian architectural forms, suggests majestic mountains reflected in the waters of a tranquil lake. Shangri-La Hotels are five-star luxury hotels located in premier city addresses across Asia, Middle East, North America and Europe. To treat a stranger as one of our own characterizes the hospitality one can expect from Shangri-La. Discerning travelers will enjoy world-class service amidst tranquil surroundings, coupled with inspirational architecture and design. The finest dining experiences at every hotel and resort ensure that every palate is pampered. But what makes each stay truly memorable is something even more exquisite and rare Shangri-Las special kind of hospitality. Hospitality from the heart. Shangri-La Asia Ltd. is the Asias leading luxury hotel and the fastest growing group. The company, part of Malaysias Kuok Group, operates 45 hotels across Asia. In2005, the company also started to drive to the markets of Europe and North America, including the launch of the construction of the first hotel in Europe, in London, is expected to be completed in 2009. The company also opened its first hotel in the Middle East, in Dubai, and the Maldives. Mainland China, however, form the heart of the empire, with more than 20 hotels in operation, and at least 15 more are expected to open before 2010.Shangri-La is unusual among international hotel companies that it owns the bulk of its hotel. So, the hotels under management are not fully owned by the group, most of which are owned by other companies Kuok Group, and especially by the major shareholders own Shangri-La, Kerry Properties Ltd. Shangri-La hotel mainly operates under the luxury, the five-star Shangri-La brand. The company also op erates a small number of mid-range business-oriented hotel Traders. Listed in Hong Kong and the Stock Exchange of Singapore, Shangri-La remains a small part of the Kuoks business empire. However, founder Robert Kuok holds an active interest in the group, and has expressed his desire to see Shangri-La achieve 100 hotels in life. In 2004, the company recorded revenues of $ 726 million. Inspired by the legendary land featured in James Hilton novel Lost Horizon published in 1933, the name Shangri-La include relaxation and services Shangri-La is renowned worldwide. The group has two brands of Shangri-La and Traders hotels. Shangri-La properties are particularly luxurious five star city centre and resort hotels with the majority of city centre hotel has over 500 guest rooms, while the resort properties tend to be a little smaller. Shangri-La tradition of service excellence begins with the opening of Shangri-La Hotel, Singapore in 1971. These 15 acres of landscaped gardens, the rooms are beautiful and gracious Asian style set a new standard for excellence in the hotel, which to this day continues to guide the design characteristics of the group. Training is a priority Shang ri-La and important source provided annually to ensure employees have the skills and knowledge to be the best in their respective fields. This has earned awards and recognition from the international group of guests, prestigious magazines as well as industry partners and made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Shangri-La hotel one of the employer of choice, with more than 30,000 people serving guests with a philosophy of Shangri-La Hospitality from Caring People. Since its origin, the group has grown rapidly to meet the growing demand for deluxe hotels and resorts in Asia Pacific and the capital of the most sought after leisure destinations. Today, there are 65 properties, which are only 18 third-party management agreements, across Asia-Pacific, North America and the Middle East, representing a rooms inventory of over 28,000. In addition, there are over 40 projects under development, including the location in Austria, Canada, mainland China, France, India, Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Seychelles, United Kingdom and United States. Shangri-La also operates its own dedicated sales and marketing office in Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Singapore, Tokyo, London, Los Angeles, New York, Sydney, and Dubai. The group was linked to 30 frequent flyer p